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Section 1: pp. 74-76, "Setting the Scene" and "Spanish Conquistadors." **Don Juan de Oñate Salazar** (1552 – 1626) was an explorer, colonial governor of the New Spain (present-day Mexico) province ofNew Mexico, and founder of various settlements in the present daySouthwest of the United States. Oñate was born in the New Spain city of Zacatecas to Spanish-Basque colonists and silver mine owners. His father was the conquistador/silver baron Cristóbal de Oñate, and his mother Doña Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena [|[1]]. His Cadena ancestor fought in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, and was the first to break the line of defense (slaves) protecting Mohammad Ben Yacub. The family was granted a coat of arms, and thereafter were known as the Cadenas. (Ref. La Calle de Cadena en Mexico," pps. 1--46, Guillermo Porras Munoz). Juan de Oñate began his career as an Indian fighter in the northern frontier region of New Spain. He married Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma, granddaughter of Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and great granddaughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin November 2,2009

@http://kids.britannica.com/ http://www.about.com   **Cortés, Hernán** (1485-1547), conquistador of Mexico. His secretary described him as ruthless, haughty, quarrelsome, and much given to women, qualities that served him well. He sailed to Hispaniola in 1504 and in 1511 joined an expedition to Cuba. As mayor of Santiago he was a magnet for dissidents and to get rid of him the governor appointed him captain general of an expedition to Yucatán, only to revoke his authority before departure. Ignoring this, in February 1519 Cortés sailed with 11 ships, 100 sailors, 500 soldiers, and 16 horses. Landing at Tabasco, among the gifts he received from local Indians was ‘Malinche’, who became his mistress and indispensable councillor and interpreter throughout the campaign. Sailing on, he founded Vera Cruz, declared independent authority, and in a famous episode literally burned his boats.
 * Hernando Cortes** was an mexican conquistador who led an expedition to cuba. He went to Hispaniola in 1504 and joined the expedition to cuba. http://www.answers.com/

Thanks to Malinche he was able to exploit resentments against the Aztecs among their subject peoples, forming a military alliance with the powerful Tlaxcala. Upon arrival at the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán at the head of a combined Spanish-Tlaxcaltec force of less than 1, 500, he won over the Emperor Montezuma, already unmanned by a prophecy about the return of the god Quetzalcoatl. In mid-1520, Cortés left Alvarado in charge while he marched to the coast to defeat and recruit to his cause a force sent from Cuba under Narváez. On return he found his lieutenant had provoked the Aztecs to revolt. Montezuma was killed when he tried to restore his people to docility and Cortés had to evacuate the city during the ‘Sorrowful Night’ of 30 June. Tenochtitlán was in the middle of a lake connected to the mainland by causeways and these were destroyed by Aztecs fighting from canoes, with the loss of many Spaniards and Tlaxcaltecs, much of their loot, all of their artillery and gunpowder, and most of their horses. Despite this, six days later Cortés turned on his vastly more numerous pursuers and defeated them at Otumba.

Over the next year, Cortés won over or conquered the areas surrounding Tenochtitlán, until finally the city itself was successfully assaulted in August 1521. Cortés's authority appears to have been accepted by the peoples of Mexico, accustomed to submission to a hegemonial power and happy to be relieved of the Aztecs' ‘flower wars’, whose purpose was to gather captives for sacrifice. His problems lay in Spain, where enemies sought to persuade the Emperor Charles V that he intended to establish an independent kingdom.

In 1526 he returned from a two-year expedition to Honduras to find his estates seized and Mexico in chaos. Compelled to return to Spain to plead his case in person, he was made a marquis and confirmed as captain general, but the coveted post of viceroy was withheld. He returned to Mexico in 1530 and toyed with further Pacific exploration, but eventually retreated to his estate at Cuernavaca. The rest of his life was a battle against a flood of accusations and he died in Spain after a seven-year attempt to refute them. November 4,2009  http://www.answers.com

__**Websites that could be used for your research:**__  

@http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/spanish-conquistadors.htm 

@http://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/mexico/adventure2/a1.htm 

@http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquest/a/09armsconquest.htm 

@http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/topics/spanish_conquest.html 

@http://kids.britannica.com/ 

@http://encarta.msn.com/ <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: minor-bidi;">@http://everything2.com/title/Peninsulares <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: minor-bidi;">http;//www.answers.com/ <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: minor-bidi;">@http://www.about.com/ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">


 * Included below is an example of researching, cut and pasting important information, paraphrasing the information, citing the website, and posting on your wiki for your group presentation.

Mr. Martin-section 5: pp. 78-80, "Harsh Life for Native Americans." A key point that I found interesting is found on page 79 and how the priest Bartolome de Las Casas tried to intercede on behalf of the Native Americans for better conditions. I used the website:** **http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquest/a/09armsconquest.htm**


 * In the search box at the top of the page, I typed in "Bartolome de Las Casas," and was given different options of researching this individual and I chose the first option.

<span style="font-weight: normal; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msobidifontweight: bold; msobidithemefont: minor-bidi;">I found something very interesting in that it showed that Las Casas did more than petition the government for better conditions for the Native Americans, he actually tried to do something about. It also showed me that throughout history, there were always people who were involved with social justice even with the chance of placing themselves in great harm.

(From the website) First Experiments: Las Casas convinced Spanish authorities to allow him to try and save the few remaining Caribbean natives by taking them out of slavery and placing them in free towns, but the death of King Ferdinand in 1516 and the resulting chaos over his successor caused these reforms to be delayed. Las Casas also asked for and received a section of the Venezuelan mainland for an experiment: he believed that he could pacify the natives with religion, not weapons. Unfortunately, the region that was selected had been heavily raided by slavers, and the natives’ hostility to the Europeans was too intense to overcome.

The Verapaz Experiment: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> In 1537, Las Casas wanted to try again to show that natives could be controlled peacefully and that violence and conquest were unnecessary. He was able to convince the crown to let him send missionaries to a region in north-central Guatemala where the natives had proved particularly fierce. His experiment worked, and the natives were brought under Spanish control peacefully. The experiment was called Verapaz, or “true peace,” and the region still bears the name. Unfortunately, once the region was brought under control, greedy colonists took the lands and enslaved the natives, undoing almost all of Las Casas’ work. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> This is an example of my paraphrasing the above section from the website, citing my source, and how it would look on your expert group wiki: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="color: black; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontsize: 12.0pt; msobidithemefont: minor-bidi;"> **  Mr. Martin-section 5: pp. 78-80, "Harsh Life for Native Americans." A key point that I found interesting is found on page 79 and how the priest Bartolome de Las Casas tried to intercede on behalf of the Native Americans for better conditions. I found something that I found very interesting section very interesting because it showed that Bartolome did more than petition the government for better conditions for the Native Americans, he actually tried to do something about. It also showed me that throughout history, there were always people who were involved with social justice even with the chance of placing themselves in great harm.

Las Casas found that even with his interventions on behalf of the Native Americans, he needed to show the government that more needed to be done. He was allowed to take the remaining Caribbean natives to Venezuela to start a free town, but his first attempt failed due to slave traders and hostility from the local natives. His second attempt found him using missionaries in Guatemala to subdue the natives using peaceful means and was successful. That area of Guatemala is still called "true peace." Unfortunately, the greed of the colonists undid Las Casas work as they took native's land and enslaved many of the residents. (Retrieved on November 1, 2009 from [] )